It contains zinc, retinol and other essential nutrients, but is especially rich in vitamin C, which is why Inuit traditionally never suffered from scurvy. Beluga skin and blubber are eaten raw, aged, dried, cooked or boiled in soups and stews.
The dark red meat of whales is eaten dried nikkuk , frozen, raw or cooked. The blubber of the beluga is also often rendered into oil for cooking and lamp fuel. Rendered oil misirak , must be anaerobically fermented, meaning fermented without the presence of oxygen. It continues to be a highly prized Inuit delicacy and is eaten as a condiment with dried, frozen or cooked meats. A large beluga can yield up to kg of meat and 50 kg of maktaaq. Some litres of oil can be produced from the blubber of one beluga.
Traditionally, the skin of beluga whales was used to cover boats. Caribou provide one of the most important food sources for Inuit in Canada and have been a major part of Inuit diet and culture for many generations. Most parts of the caribou are eaten, providing Inuit with the rich source of nutrients needed to maintain their health.
Caribou meat is eaten raw, frozen, aged, cooked or dried. The meat and liver are high in protein and iron, and the liver and stomach contents are an important source of vitamin A.
The fat of the caribou is a tremendous source of energy, while the lining of the stomach is eaten as a special treat. Caribou bone marrow is a highly prized treat as well. Not only are caribou an exceptional food source, but they also provide clothing and the tools necessary for survival. Other uses for caribou include using the dorsal tendons found along the spine and back legs to produce sinew ivalu for thread, cordage and even snowshoes.
Bones and antlers provide necessary tools like needle cases and scrapers, while traditionally, the velvet on the antlers was used by men to tie back their hair. Caribou continue to have many uses today and remain an essential part of Inuit life. Muskox are located only in specific areas of the Arctic and are a valuable local food source.
Muskox meat provides many important nutrients for growth and health. It is an excellent source of protein and iron and a good source of vitamin B.
The density and the length of muskox hair is useful on caps to keep off mosquitoes and makes excellent bedding. Today, muskox inner wool qiviut is used for knitting and is often considered to be more valuable than cashmere. Muskox horns become semitransparent and malleable similar to molten glass when heated to extreme temperatures and finely polished and are therefore highly valued by Inuit artists and craftspeople.
Muskox group together in mixed herds of When threatened by a wolf or other predator, muskox will form a circle around their young to protect them, facing outwards with their sharp horns at the ready. They have been known to scoop up wolves with their horns, hurl them into the air and then trample them. Today, the Inuit hunt muskox under a quota system in order to protect this unique ice age species. In northern Baffin Island, narwhals are a very valuable food source. Dried narwhal meat is an excellent source of protein and iron.
The skin and the attached blubber maktaaq is delicious and rich in vitamin A and protein. It is also a good source of vitamin C, which is otherwise very difficult to obtain in a region where fresh fruit is rarely available.
When narwhals are hunted, most people like to eat the maktaaq first. Narwhal blubber is eaten raw, aged and cooked or boiled in soups and stews. Traditionally, the blubber was used as oil for lamps — its clear-burning oil was more valuable than seal oil, which tends to leave the igloo covered with black soot.
Narwhal rendered oil misirak continues to be a highly prized Inuit delicacy eaten as a condiment with dried, frozen or cooked meats. The narwhal's signature tusk, mostly found on males, is actually an enlarged tooth which is believed to have sensory capabilities, experts say. Some narwhals have two.
The creatures feed mainly on Greenland halibut, along with other fish, squid and shrimp. According to US experts, they can live for as long as 40 years, with killer whales their only major predators aside from humans. Narwhals can also dive around a mile deep in the ocean, resurfacing through cracks in the Arctic ice when they run short of air. They are believed to have excellent hearing and vision and scars on narwhal males suggest that they use their tusks to joust.
Narwhal tusks were recently at the centre of attention after a heroic bystander used one to tackle the London Bridge terrorist on November Darryn Frost grabbed the artefact from the wall in Fishmongers' Hall as Usman Khan went on a killing spree, murdering two people. Mr Frost pinned Khan to the ground and was then pulled away by a police officer before the terrorist was shot dead seconds later.
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Global warming has a human cost too, tearing families apart. To visit their Canadian relatives, these people would now have to fly to Copenhagen 4,km away then across the Atlantic to Montreal and up from there. Air travel is prohibitively expensive in Greenland and such a journey would cost several thousand pounds, a price very few can afford.
Historically, the Inughuit people were semi-nomadic, moving between the different settlements at certain times of the year for hunting purposes and to visit family. The disappearing ice has meant that it is now too dangerous to visit the outer settlements on dog-sled, but what ice remains means that travel by boat is not an option either. Often, the only alternative is a very expensive helicopter trip. The sense of shrinking space here is almost tangible. The threat of global warming to their traditional hunting life, alongside a host of political factors, has left the Inughuit believing that their current settlements will not be here in 15 years' time, that people will relocate southwards, and will assimilate into a broader Inuit culture.
Young people, recognising that their parents are no longer able to make a living from hunting alone, are leaving the community to live a very different life in modern flats in Nuuk. Last week Moriusaq, the smallest of the Inughuit settlements , was finally closed and the others are looking increasingly endangered. This tiny Arctic community that insisted on maintaining its ancient way of life at the top of the world struck me as remarkable, and I decided I wanted to visit these people.
More recently, in Cambridge, I came to understand how endangered this culture and their language was. It is widely understood how global warming is threatening the natural environment not least here in Greenland, with the vast iceberg that broke off recently from the nearby Petermann glacier , but the Inughuit represent a bona fide example of how climate change impacts on local cultures.
If the Inughuit are forced to leave their ancient homeland, it is likely that the language of these Arctic hunters will disappear. With it, their already endangered ancient spoken traditions — a rich depository of indigenous cultural knowledge about how they relate to the land, sea and ice, bound up in stories, myths and folklore — will also be lost. The Inughuit are immensely proud of their language, Inuktun.
While strictly speaking a dialect of Greenlandic, Inuktun is much closer to some of the Canadian Inuit dialects and the phonology is quite distinct from Standard West Greenlandic. Working with the last handful of storytellers, I have come here to document their stories and narratives in the old Inuktun language and hope that this will act as a record of this unique and endangered culture. Rather than writing a grammar or dictionary, it is hoped that an "Ethnography of Speaking" will show how their language and culture are interconnected and how their knowledge and sociocultural experience are transmitted and performed through the filter of these spoken traditions.
The stories, narratives and myths that underpin the ancient Inughuit culture will be recorded, digitised and ultimately returned to the community. One elderly Inughuit tells me this is our last chance: "We inherited our language from our ancestors. If we lose it without record, future generations will know nothing about their rich past.
With 16 others and a small mountain of freight as co-passengers, I arrived in the community aboard a Dash 7 turboprop aircraft just over a month ago. Clouds lingered just above the brightly coloured wooden houses.
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